Menstrual irregularities refer to changes in the normal menstrual cycle, including variations in cycle length, flow, or associated symptoms. A typical menstrual cycle lasts about 21–35 days, with bleeding lasting 3–7 days. When the cycle becomes unpredictable, too frequent, too infrequent, unusually heavy, or unusually light, it may indicate an underlying hormonal, structural, or systemic condition that requires evaluation.

Common Types

• Oligomenorrhea – Infrequent menstrual periods (cycle length >35 days).
• Polymenorrhea – Frequent periods (cycle length <21 days).
• Amenorrhea – Absence of menstruation for more than 3 months (secondary) or failure to start periods by age 15–16 (primary).
• Menorrhagia – Excessively heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding.
• Hypomenorrhea – Very light menstrual flow.
• Metrorrhagia – Bleeding between periods.

Symptoms to Watch For

• Cycles shorter than 21 days or longer than 35 days.
• Missed periods for more than 3 months.
• Very heavy bleeding (soaking through pads/tampons in 1–2 hours).
• Bleeding between periods or after intercourse.
• Severe menstrual pain affecting daily activities.

Diagnosis

An evaluation may include:

• Detailed medical history and physical examination.
• Pelvic ultrasound to assess the uterus and ovaries.
• Blood tests for hormone levels and thyroid function.
• Pap smear or endometrial biopsy if indicated.